Uniek aanbod (tweedehands) boeken. Following the defeat of the Athenians in Sicily, it was widely believed that the end of the Athenian Empire was at hand. After boasting that he could put an end to the affair in the Assembly, the inexperienced Cleon won a great victory at the Battle of Sphacteria. Corinthe et Mégare demandent leur aide à Sparte et à la li… As the preeminent Athenian historian, Thucydides, wrote in his influential History of the Peloponnesian War, "The growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon, made war inevitable." Sorry, er is een probleem opgetreden bij het opslaan van je cookievoorkeuren. [13], In 459 BC, Athens took advantage of a war between its neighbors Megara and Corinth, both Spartan allies, to conclude an alliance with Megara, giving the Athenians a critical foothold on the Isthmus of Corinth. Athenian manpower was correspondingly drastically reduced and even foreign mercenaries refused to hire themselves out to a city riddled with plague. [14] The war was officially ended by the Thirty Years' Peace, signed in the winter of 446/5 BC. At the end of the first year of the war, Pericles gave his famous Funeral Oration (431 BC). After suffering a defeat at the hands of their colony of Corcyra, a sea power that was not allied to either Sparta or Athens, Corinth began to build an allied naval force. Demosthenes, however, outmanoeuvred the Spartans in the Battle of Pylos in 425 BC and trapped a group of Spartan soldiers on Sphacteria as he waited for them to surrender. What then ensued was a period, referred to as the Pentecontaetia (the name given by Thucydides), in which Athens increasingly became in fact an empire,[8] carrying out an aggressive war against Persia and increasingly dominating other city-states. "[7] Indeed, the nearly fifty years of Greek history that preceded the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War had been marked by the development of Athens as a major power in the Mediterranean world. Alcibiades, while condemned as a traitor, still carried weight in Athens. [28][29][30], Cyrus the Younger would later obtain the support of the Spartans in return, after having asked them "to show themselves as good friend to him, as he had been to them during their war against Athens", when he led his own expedition to Susa in 401 BC in order to topple his brother, Artaxerxes II.[31]. In plaats daarvan houdt ons systeem rekening met zaken als hoe recent een recensie is en of de recensent het item op Amazon heeft gekocht. Unlike some of his predecessors the new Spartan general, Lysander, was not a member of the Spartan royal families and was also formidable in naval strategy; he was an artful diplomat, who had even cultivated good personal relationships with the Achaemenid prince Cyrus the Younger, son of Emperor Darius II. In this phase, Sparta, now receiving support from the Achaemenid Empire, supported rebellions in Athens's subject states in the Aegean Sea and Ionia, undermining Athens's empire, and, eventually, depriving the city of naval supremacy. A peace with Sparta might have been possible, but the Athenian fleet, now based on the island of Samos, refused to accept the change. The Spartans and Athenians agreed to exchange the hostages for the towns captured by Brasidas, and signed a truce. With the support of the Athenians, the Argives succeeded in forging a coalition of democratic states within the Peloponnese, including the powerful states of Mantinea and Elis. This was a reactionary regime set up by Sparta. The people of Syracuse were ethnically Dorian (as were the Spartans), while the Athenians, and their ally in Sicilia, were Ionian. J.-C.) comme citoyen, comme général, comme exilé (en 424) qui ne revint dans sa patrie qu'après sa défaite, enfin comme historien qui dit avoir perçu dès l'origine que ce conflit entre deux coalitions dirigées respectivement par Athènes et Sparte serait l'événement majeur de l'époque. On the advice of Alcibiades, they fortified Decelea, near Athens, and prevented the Athenians from making use of their land year round. Seizing its opportunity, the Spartan fleet sailed at once to the Dardanelles, the source of Athens's grain. The fortification of Decelea prevented the shipment of supplies overland to Athens, and forced all supplies to be brought in by sea at increased expense. Probeer het opnieuw. Although the power of Athens was broken, it made something of a recovery as a result of the Corinthian War and continued to play an active role in Greek politics. Comme la raison grecque en général, la raison historique est fille de la cité. by A.H. Clough. The post off Pylos struck Sparta where it was weakest: its dependence on the helots, who tended the fields while its citizens trained to become soldiers. The democratic alliance was broken up, and most of its members were reincorporated into the Peloponnesian League. In the 17th year of the war, word came to Athens that one of their distant allies in Sicily was under attack from Syracuse. The trial resulted in the execution of six of Athens's top naval commanders. First, their foes were lacking in initiative. This ushered in the final phase of the war, generally referred to either as the Decelean War, or the Ionian War. Through cunning strategy, Lysander totally defeated the Athenian fleet, in 405 BC, at the Battle of Aegospotami, destroying 168 ships and capturing some three or four thousand Athenian sailors. We gebruiken cookies en vergelijkbare tools om uw winkelervaring te verbeteren, onze services aan te bieden, te begrijpen hoe klanten onze services gebruiken zodat we verbeteringen kunnen aanbrengen, en om advertenties weer te geven. With the treasury and emergency reserve fund of 1,000 talents dwindling away, the Athenians were forced to demand even more tribute from her subject allies, further increasing tensions and the threat of further rebellion within the Empire. They were supported in this by Argos, a powerful state within the Peloponnese that had remained independent of Lacedaemon. [3] Tissaphernes also helped fund the Peloponnesian fleet. Only twelve Athenian ships escaped, and several of these sailed to Cyprus, carrying the strategos (general) Conon, who was anxious not to face the judgment of the Assembly. The destruction of Athens's fleet in the Battle of Aegospotami effectively ended the war, and Athens surrendered in the following year. After the death of Pericles, the Athenians turned somewhat against his conservative, defensive strategy and to the more aggressive strategy of bringing the war to Sparta and its allies. Upon arriving, he raised up a force from several Sicilian cities, and went to the relief of Syracuse. Meer informatie The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC)[2] was an ancient Greek war fought by the Delian League led by Athens against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. At the start of the war, the Athenians had prudently put aside some money and 100 ships that were to be used only as a last resort. [21] The Athenians, in response, reminded the Spartans of their record of military success and opposition to Persia, and warned them of the dangers of confronting such a powerful state, ultimately encouraging Sparta to seek arbitration as provided by the Thirty Years' Peace. He prevented the Athenian fleet from attacking Athens; instead, he helped restore democracy by more subtle pressure. The plague wiped out over 30,000 citizens, sailors and soldiers, including Pericles and his sons. [22] Undeterred, a majority of the Spartan assembly voted to declare that the Athenians had broken the peace, essentially declaring war.[23]. Elle est fille aussi du gigantesque essor intellectuel qui soulève la Grèce du Ve siècle, avec la médecine hippocratique, l'enseignement des sophistes et l'activité des orateurs, singulièrement Périclès. Rising to particular importance in Athenian democracy at this time was Cleon, a leader of the hawkish elements of the Athenian democracy. Thus, Cyrus put all his means at the disposal of Lysander in the Peloponnesian War. Item kan niet op de lijst worden gezet. It was alleged that the Megarians had desecrated the Hiera Orgas. Grèce Classique : la guerre du Péloponnèse et la domination spartiate. Thucydide est le créateur de la raison historique. Ontdek het beste van shopping en entertainment, Gratis en snelle bezorging van miljoenen producten, onbeperkt streamen van exclusieve series, films en meer, Je onlangs bekeken items en aanbevelingen, Selecteer de afdeling waarin je wilt zoeken. He also persuaded the Athenian fleet to attack the Spartans at the battle of Cyzicus in 410. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. Fearing that he would be unjustly condemned, Alcibiades defected to Sparta and Nicias was placed in charge of the mission. Sparte craint aussi une révolte de ses esclaves (les hilotes) qui cultivent les terres des combattants. The Athenians managed to survive for several reasons. Nicias then sent word to Athens asking for reinforcements. [15], The Thirty Years' Peace was first tested in 440 BC, when Athens's powerful ally Samos rebelled from its alliance with Athens. The Spartans, whose intervention would have been the trigger for a massive war to determine the fate of the empire, called a congress of their allies to discuss the possibility of war with Athens. [20], At the request of the Corinthians, the Spartans summoned members of the Peloponnesian League to Sparta in 432 BC, especially those who had grievances with Athens to make their complaints to the Spartan assembly. The Athenian strategy was initially guided by the strategos, or general, Pericles, who advised the Athenians to avoid open battle with the far more numerous and better trained Spartan hoplites, relying instead on the fleet. Goedgekeurde derde partijen gebruiken deze tools voor onze weergave van advertenties. At the same time, Athens greatly increased its own power; a number of its formerly independent allies were reduced, over the course of the century, to the status of tribute-paying subject states of the Delian League. In 430 BC an outbreak of a plague hit Athens. After his defection, Alcibiades claimed to the Spartans that the Athenians planned to use Sicily as a springboard for the conquest of all of Italy and Carthage, and to use the resources and soldiers from these new conquests to conquer the Peloponnese. In the battle, the allied coalition scored early successes, but failed to capitalize on them, which allowed the Spartan elite forces to defeat the forces opposite them. That treaty, however, was soon undermined by renewed fighting in the Peloponnese. The temporal indicator of guerre du Péloponnèse represents a chronological context associated with resources found in Boston University Libraries. Alarmed, Corcyra sought an alliance with Athens, which after debate and input from both Corcyra and Corinth, decided to swear a defensive alliance with Corcyra. [35], The overall effect of the war in Greece proper was to replace the Athenian Empire with a Spartan empire. Nicias and Demosthenes marched their remaining forces inland in search of friendly allies. Led militarily by a clever new general Demosthenes (not to be confused with the later Athenian orator Demosthenes), the Athenians managed some successes as they continued their naval raids on the Peloponnese. This was a direct violation of the Thirty Years' Peace, which had (among other things) stipulated that the Delian League and the Peloponnesian League would respect each other's autonomy and internal affairs. Athènes connaît, comme les héros tragiques, la grandeur et la chute. [10] According to Thucydides, although the Spartans took no action at this time, they "secretly felt aggrieved". in. The Peloponnesian War reshaped the ancient Greek world. Cette dernière, risquant alors d'être évincée de la mer Ionienne, pousse son ancienne colonie thrace de Potidéeà quitter la Confédération maritime d'Athènes, créée après les guerres médiques. Je luistert naar een voorbeeld van de Audible-audio-editie. © 1996-2020, Amazon.com, Inc. en dochterondernemingen, Klantenservice voor mensen met een handicap, Pakketten traceren of bestellingen bekijken. For a time during this conflict, Athens controlled not only Megara but also Boeotia; at its end, however, in the face of a massive Spartan invasion of Attica, the Athenians ceded the lands they had won on the Greek mainland, and Athens and Sparta recognized each other's right to control their respective alliance systems. Instead of attacking at once, Nicias procrastinated and the campaigning season of 415 BC ended with Syracuse scarcely damaged. Despite their victory, these failures caused outrage in Athens and led to a controversial trial. Weeks later, though, Demosthenes proved unable to finish off the Spartans. [37], "Athenian War" redirects here. Thucydides was dispatched with a force which arrived too late to stop Brasidas capturing Amphipolis; Thucydides was exiled for this, and, as a result, had the conversations with both sides of the war which inspired him to record its history. Upon landing in Sicily, several cities immediately joined the Athenian cause.