During the American War of 1812, Lieutenant-General Sir George Prevost was Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and over the Provinces of Upper-Canada, Lower-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New~Brunswick, and their several Dependencies, Vice-Admiral of the same, Lieutenant-General and Commander of all His Majesty’s Forces in the said Provinces of Lower Canada and Upper-Canada, Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick, and their several Dependencies, and in the islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, Cape Breton and the Bermudas, &c. &c. &c. Beneath Prevost, the staff of the British Army in the Provinces of Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick, and their Dependencies, including the Islands of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Bermuda were under the Command of Lieutenant-General Sir John Coape Sherbrooke. "[59], Though the monarch retains all executive, legislative, and judicial power in and over Canada,[60][61] the governor general is permitted to exercise most of this, including the Royal Prerogative, in the sovereign's name; some as outlined in the Constitution Act, 1867, and some through various letters patent issued over the decades, particularly those from 1947 that constitute the Office of Governor General of Canada;[62] they state: "And We do hereby authorize and empower Our Governor General, with the advice of Our Privy Council for Canada or of any members thereof or individually, as the case requires, to exercise all powers and authorities lawfully belonging to Us in respect of Canada. Prior to 1952, all Governors General of Canada were members of the peerage. Most recently, the group Citizens for a Canadian Republic has advocated the election of the nominee to the Queen, either by popular or parliamentary vote;[33] a proposal echoed by Adrienne Clarkson, who called for the prime minister's choice to not only be vetted by a parliamentary committee,[34][35] but also submit to a televised quiz on Canadiana. In this official and bureaucratic capacity, the entire household is often referred to as Government House[87] and its departments are funded through the normal federal budgetary process,[88] as is the governor general's salary of CAD$288,900,[89] which has been taxed since 2013. The Rebellions of 1837 brought about great changes to the role of the governor general, prompting, as they did, the British government to grant responsible government to the Canadian provinces. L'organisme Citoyens et citoyennes pour une république canadienne milite pour une modification du poste, en vue de ce que cet organisme voit comme une éventuelle transformation vers un système présidentiel similaire aux républiques d’Irlande ou de l’Inde, remplaçant ainsi complètement la monarchie. Prior to 1952, several former viceroys returned to political careers in the United Kingdom, sitting with party affiliations in the House of Lords and, in some cases, taking a position in the British Cabinet. Lorsque les bureaux du premier ministre furent déménagés dans l’édifice Langevin dans les années 1970, les anciens locaux qui abritaient les bureaux du gouverneur général furent restaurés pour leur rendre leur apparence du XIXe siècle. L’explorateur Samuel de Champlain devint la première personne officiellement nommée au poste de gouverneur de la Nouvelle-France. King a donc remis sa démission, et Lord Byng a nommé Arthur Meighen pour le remplacer à la tête du gouvernement. There was some trepidation about this departure from tradition and Massey was intended to be a compromise: he was known to embody loyalty, dignity, and formality, as expected from a viceroy. [3] The present incarnation of the office emerged with Canadian Confederation and the passing of the British North America Act, 1867, which defines the role of the governor general as "carrying on the Government of Canada on behalf and in the Name of the Queen, by whatever Title he is designated". Malgré le fait que le monarque du Royaume-Uni soit aussi monarque du Canada, le gouvernement britannique ne peut conseiller le gouverneur général ou interférer dans les affaires du Canada, ce pays étant une nation souveraine. Once the government implemented conscription, Devonshire, after consulting on the pulse of the nation with Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Vincent Massey, Henri Bourassa, Archbishop of Montreal Paul Bruchési, Duncan Campbell Scott, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, and Stephen Leacock, made efforts to conciliate Quebec, though he had little real success.[125]. [141] As his viceregal tenure neared an end, it was thought that Massey, an anglophone, should be followed by a francophone Canadian; and so, in spite of his Liberal Party attachments, Georges Vanier was chosen by Conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker as the next governor general. Depuis 1967, le premier ministre ne communique au souverain qu'un seul nom lorsqu'il recommande une personne pour la fonction. Rideau Hall, located in Ottawa, is the official residence of the Canadian monarch[83] and of the governor general and is thus the location of the viceregal household and the Chancellery of Honours. The governor general carried out in Canada all the parliamentary and ceremonial functions of a constitutional monarch—amongst other things, granting Royal Assent, issuing Orders-in-Council, and taking advice from the Canadian privy council. The sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice ... We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence. La dissolution, dont le moment peut varier selon différents facteurs, met fin à un mandat parlementaire (celui-ci ne peut excéder cinq ans)[8]. Johnston stated in his inaugural address: "[We want to be] a society that innovates, embraces its talent and uses the knowledge of each of its citizens to improve the human condition for all. He was joined by Bigot, Cadet, Pean, Breard, Varin, Le Mercier, Penisseault, Maurin, Copron, and others. Le lieutenant-général Sir Jeffrey Amherst a gouverné la province durant les dernières années de la guerre de Sept Ans, mais le premier civil à occuper cette fonction fut James Murray (nommé en 1764). La proclamation royale de 1763 a changé le nom du Canada en « Province of Quebec » et le poste de gouverneur de Québec fut créé par la même occasion. The present form was adopted on 23 February 1981 and,[104] in the federal jurisdiction, takes precedence over all other flags except for the Queen's personal Canadian standard. Although the constitution of Canada states that the "Command-in-Chief of the Land and Naval Militia, and of all Naval and Military Forces, of and in Canada, is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen,"[10] the governor general acts in her place as Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces and is permitted through the 1947 Letters Patent to use the title Commander-in-Chief in and over Canada. [4] Although the post initially still represented the government of the United Kingdom (that is, the monarch in her British council), the office was gradually Canadianized until, with the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931 and the establishment of a separate and uniquely Canadian monarchy, the governor general became the direct personal representative of the independently and uniquely Canadian sovereign, the monarch in his Canadian council. Mais la controverse n’a pas duré ; il est maintenant très commun pour un gouverneur général de faire des visites d’État. Governor General of Canada; франц. Lansdowne lui-même fut durant plus de dix ans le chef du Parti conservateur à la Chambre des lords à Londres. The Canadian Cabinet's first recommendation under this new system was still, however, a British subject born outside of Canada: Lord Tweedsmuir. Il est de tradition que la personne désignée reste en poste pour un minimum de cinq ans, mais en réalité, ce poste est occupé selon « le bon vouloir de Sa Majesté », et le premier ministre canadien peut demander à la reine de prolonger le mandat. Le souverain conserve les pouvoirs exécutifs et ses prérogatives royales, mais il intervient extrêmement rarement dans la politique canadienne ; la plupart de ses responsabilités sont exercées par le gouverneur général. The appointment in 1916 of the Duke of Devonshire as governor general caused political problems, as Canadian prime minister Robert Borden had, counter to established common practice, not been consulted on the matter by his British counterpart, The ministers in attendance at the Imperial Conference agreed that: "In our opinion it is an essential consequence of the equality of status existing among the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations that the Governor General of a Dominion is the representative of the Crown, holding in all essential respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the Dominion as is held by His Majesty the King in great Britain, and that he is not the representative or agent of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain or of any Department of that Government.". Recherche - Solution . La liste des gouverneurs généraux du Canada depuis la Confédération en 1867 présente ceux qui ont occupé ce poste de 1867 à nos jours. The commission is for an unfixed period of time—known as serving at Her Majesty's pleasure—though five years is the normal convention. [79], Prime Minister Paul Martin followed Chrétien's example and, for Clarkson's successor, put forward to the Queen the name of Michaëlle Jean, who was, like Clarkson, a woman, a refugee, a member of a visible minority, a CBC career journalist, and married to an intellectual husband who worked in the arts. The governor general of Canada (French: la gouverneure générale du Canada)[n 1] is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. Below Sherbrooke, the Bermuda Garrison was under the immediate control of the Lieutenant-Governor of Bermuda, Major-General George Horsford). [174] Indeed, international observers opined that the viceroys had been, over the years, making deliberate attempts to distance themselves from the sovereign, for fear of being too closely associated with any "Britishness" the monarch embodied. Within a week however, Meighen's Conservative government lost its own non-confidence vote, forcing the Governor General to dissolve parliament and call elections that saw Mackenzie King returned to power. [150][155][156], Sarah, Duchess of York, said in 2009 that sometime during her marriage to Prince Andrew, Duke of York, her husband was offered the position of governor general of Canada, and she speculated in hindsight that their agreement to refuse the commission may have been a contributing factor in their eventual break-up. The Governor-in-Council is also specifically tasked by the Constitution Act, 1867, to appoint in the Queen's name the lieutenant governors of the provinces (with the Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments and the premiers of the provinces concerned playing an advisory role),[69] senators,[70] the speaker of the Senate,[71] supreme court justices,[72] and superior and county court judges in each province, except those of the Courts of Probate in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Le gouverneur général, ou gouverneur-en-chef, ne gouvernait cependant que la province du Bas-Canada ; le Haut-Canada, le Nouveau-Brunswick et la Nouvelle-Écosse étaient en fait gérés par leurs propres lieutenants-gouverneurs respectifs. Par métonymie, les membres du couple vice-royal sont appelés « châtelain et châtelaine de Rideau Hall ». Le gouverneur général est un chef exécutif symbolique et nominal, agissant selon les contraintes de la constitution et selon des précédents. His nephew Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil was the second in command of the French naval units supporting the Americans during the American Revolution. The French Company of One Hundred Associates then administered New France until King Louis XIV took control of the colony and appointed Augustin de Saffray de Mésy as the first governor general in 1663,[111] after whom 12 more people served in the post. Although required by the tenets of constitutional monarchy to be nonpartisan while in office, governors general were frequently former politicians; a number held seats in the British House of Lords by virtue of their inclusion in the peerage. Avant le 1er janvier 2013, celui-ci était inférieur de moitié mais n'était jusqu'alors pas imposable[15]. [120] As such, the governor general had to retain a sense of political neutrality; a skill that was put to the test when the Marquess of Lorne disagreed with his Canadian prime minister, John A. Macdonald, over the dismissal of Lieutenant Governor of Quebec Luc Letellier de St-Just. Appointments of former ministers of the Crown in the 1980s and 1990s were criticized by Peter H. Russell, who stated in 2009: "much of [the] advantage of the monarchical system is lost in Canada when prime ministers recommend partisan colleagues to be appointed governor general and represent [the Queen]. D’autres changements importants ont été apportés à cette fonction durant le mandat de Roland Michener (1967-1974). Cette pratique est cependant tombée en désuétude et a été utilisée pour la dernière fois par le lieutenant-gouverneur de la Saskatchewan en 1961. The Leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition at the time, William Lyon Mackenzie King, felt Buchan should serve as governor general as a commoner;[97] however, George V insisted he be represented by a peer. "[32] Clarkson was the first governor general in Canadian history without either a political or military background, as well as the first Asian-Canadian and the second woman, following on Jeanne Sauvé. There have been, from time to time, proposals put forward for modifications to the selection process of the governor general. The letters patent constituting the office, and official publications of the Government of Canada, spell the title governor general, without a hyphen. Livres écrits par d’anciens gouverneurs généraux, A Governor General must take all steps necessary to thwart the will of a ruthless prime minister. He was forced to surrender Montreal on 8 September 1760 to Maj. Gen. Jeffrey Amherst. [151][152][153] When the constitution was patriated four years later, the new amending formula for the documents outlined that any changes to the Crown, including the Office of the Governor General, would require the consent of all the provincial legislatures plus the federal parliament. Le gouverneur général a aussi le pouvoir de nommer les ministres fédéraux, les sénateurs, les juges et d’autres fonctionnaires[11]. Les fonctions du gouverneur général sont majoritairement honorifiques. Le dernier gouverneur général d'origine britannique fut Harold Alexander, 1 er vicomte Alexander de Tunis, qui fut en poste de 1946 à 1952. [175] This attitude was not unique to Clarkson, though; it had been observed that, for some decades, staff at Rideau Hall and various government departments in Ottawa had been pushing to present the governor general as head of state,[176] part of a wider Liberal policy on the monarchy that had been in effect at least since the proposed constitutional changes in the 1970s,[150] if not the 1964 Truncheon Saturday riot in Quebec City. [106], The crest of the Royal Arms of Canada is employed as the badge of the governor general, appearing on the viceroy's flag and on other objects associated with the person or the office. En 1971, Michener visita Trinité-et-Tobago, devenant ainsi le premier gouverneur général à faire une visite d’État dans un autre pays. Three former governors general have released memoirs: the Lord Tweedsmuir (Memory Hold-the-Door), Vincent Massey (On Being Canadian and What's Past is Prologue), and Adrienne Clarkson (Heart Matters). Though the federal viceroy is considered primus inter pares amongst his or her provincial counterparts, the governor general also outranks the lieutenant governors in the federal sphere; at provincial functions, however, the relevant lieutenant governor, as the Queen's representative in the province, precedes the governor general. Chief Public Health Officer of Canada’s Report on the State of Public Health in Canada 2020 Michener was with de Gaulle when he made his infamous "Vive le Québec libre" speech in Montreal and was cheered wildly by the gathered crowd while they booed and jeered Michener. À l’étranger, seul le Ô Canada est utilisé. Dans l'éventualité où le gouverneur général décèderait, démissionnerait ou serait à l'étranger pour une période de plus d'un mois, il revient au juge en chef du Canada d'agir en tant qu’administrateur du Canada et d'exercer ainsi tous les pouvoirs du gouverneur général. Le souverain du Canada nomme le gouverneur général sur avis du Premier ministre du Canada.De 1867 à 1952, chaque gouverneur général était natif du Royaume-Uni et membre de l'aristocratie britannique. Il occupe le rôle symbolique de commandant en chef des Forces canadiennes. Moreover, both terms are capitalized when used in the formal title preceding an incumbent's name. [64] Among other duties, the monarch retains the sole right to appoint the governor general. Crédit : Dupras & Colas / Library and Archives Canada / C-001013. This arrangement continued after the reunification in 1840 of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, and the establishment of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. L’allégeance des membres des Forces armées est due à la monarchie canadienne, et non à un gouvernement en exercice, temporaire et changeant. Les solutions pour GOUVERNEUR DU CANADA DE 1867 A 1868 de mots fléchés et mots croisés. Neben ihrer schriftstellerischen Tätigkeit unterrichtet sie auch Japanisch. Jusque durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et avant d'être incorporé aux bureaux du premier ministre, le gouverneur général ainsi que son personnel bénéficiaient de bureaux sur la colline du Parlement, dans l'aile Est[16]. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. La prorogation du parlement survient habituellement environ un an après l’ouverture d’une session, et suspend officiellement les séances. [105] When the governor general undertakes a state visit, however, the national flag is generally employed to mark his or her presence. Vincent Massey fut le second, avec sa biographie en deux volumes, On Being Canadian publiée en 1948 et What’s Past is Prologue: The Memoirs of the Right Honourable Vincent Massey, C.H. Celle-ci reconnaissait que chaque dominion était l’égal du Royaume-Uni, et que chaque gouverneur général agirait désormais dans son dominion seulement en tant que représentant de la Couronne et non en tant qu’agent du gouvernement britannique. Cette répartition des rôles a perduré après l’établissement du dominion du Canada en 1867 : le gouverneur général et les lieutenants-gouverneurs sont demeurés les représentants symboliques de la Couronne et du gouvernement britanniques, alors que le pouvoir réel était dans les mains du premier ministre du Canada et de ses homologues provinciaux. Edward Schreyer, en mandat de 1979 à 1984, est devenu haut-commissaire en Australie à sa retraite. Generální guvernér Kanady (Angl. [11][12] Finally, in 1947, King George VI issued letters patent allowing the viceroy to carry out almost all of the monarch's powers on his or her behalf. [108][109] The explorer Samuel de Champlain became the first unofficial Governor of New France in the early 17th century,[n 9] serving until Charles Huault de Montmagny was in 1636 formally appointed to the post by King Louis XIII. In 1926, Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, facing a non-confidence vote in the House of Commons over a scandal in his party, requested that Governor General Lord Byng dissolve parliament and call an election. Mais, une partie des prérogatives royales, appelée pouvoirs de réserve, reste entre les mains de la Couronne, en tant que dernier contrôle du pouvoir gouvernemental ; comme l’expert constitutionnel et sénateur Eugene Forsey (en) l'a dit : « A Governor General must take all steps necessary to thwart the will of a ruthless prime minister. Accordingly, in 1928, the United Kingdom appointed its first High Commissioner to Canada thus effectively ending the governor general's diplomatic role as the British government's envoy. For a part of each year since 1872, governors general have also resided at the Citadel (La Citadelle) in Quebec City, Quebec. Генерални гувернер Канаде (енгл. Le premier gouverneur général de nationalité canadienne, Vincent Massey, ne fut nommé qu’en 1952. In this capacity, the governor general will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council. Ainsi, le mouvement républicain au Canada n’est pas aussi fort que des mouvements similaires apparus dans d’autres royaumes du Commonwealth tels que l’Australie. All persons whose names are put forward to the Queen for approval must first undergo background checks by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service.[30][31]. The third woman to hold this position was also the first Caribbean-Canadian governor general, Michaëlle Jean. Avant qu’un projet de loi ne soit adopté, la sanction royale est requise. If, and because your Governor-General is in the service of the Crown, he is, therefore ... in the service of Canada ... [A]loof though he be from actual executive responsibility, his attitude must be that of ceaseless and watchful readiness to take part ... in the fostering of every influence that will sweeten and elevate public life; to ... join in making known the resources and developments of the country; to vindicate, if required, the rights of the people and the ordinariness and Constitution, and lastly, to promote by all means in his power, without reference to class or creed, every movement and every institution calculated to forward the social, moral, and religious welfare of the inhabitants of the Dominion. Les solutions pour GOUVERNEUR GENERAL DU CANADA DE 1979 A 1983 de mots fléchés et mots croisés. En pratique, il n’est pas évident de savoir si le commandant des Forces armées pourrait, dans la réalité, se tourner vers le gouverneur général s’il pensait que les ordres reçus du premier ministre ou du ministre de la Défense nationale étaient illégaux ou sans éthique, ni si le gouverneur général pourrait donner directement de nouveaux ordres. Cependant lors de visites officielles à l’étranger, le gouverneur général utilise le drapeau du Canada, aussi appelé unifolié, symbole plus représentatif et reconnu du pays. Clarkson was the first Canadian viceroy to have not previously held any political or military position—coming as she did from a background of television journalism with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation—was the first since 1952 to have been born outside of Canada, the first from a visible minority (she is of Chinese ancestry), and, by her being accompanied to Rideau Hall by her husband, author and philosopher John Ralston Saul, the official appointment brought an unofficial pair to the viceregal placement,[162][163] in that the governor general would not be the only person actively exploring Canadian theory and culture. [104] This flag is also, along with all flags on Canadian Forces property, flown at half-mast upon the death of an incumbent or former governor general. En général, le souverain est tenu par la Constitution de toujours suivre l'avis de ses premiers ministres, tant et aussi longtemps que ceux-ci gardent la confiance de la Chambre des communes et agissent de manière constitutionnelle. Un gouverneur général pourrait théoriquement refuser une dissolution, mais les circonstances qui le lui permettraient sont imprécises. En qualité de représentant du souverain, il accomplit certaines fonctions habituellement associées à celles d’un chef d’État. Coucill, Irma (2005). On the advice of the colonial secretary, and to avoid conflict with the cabinet of Canada, the Marquess did eventually concede, and released St-Just from duty. Shimazaki arbeitete in Japan fünf Jahre lang als Kindergärtnerin und gab Unterricht in englischer Grammatik an einer Nachhilfeschule. La première personne à occuper ce poste fut Lord Dorchester (nommé en 1786). Les Canadiens et leur système de gouvernement, http://www.parl.gc.ca/compendium/web-content/c_g_parliamentaryframework-f.htm, Monarchist League of Canada, Ottawa branch, Salaires des Gouverneurs généraux du Canada, http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/559297/gouverneur-salaire-augmentation, Bureau du Gouverneur Général – Colline du Parlement, Liste des gouverneurs du Canada avant la Confédération, Site officiel du gouverneur général du Canada, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gouverneur_général_du_Canada&oldid=176505477, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité, Portail:Politique canadienne/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. [9][16] The position technically involves issuing commands for Canadian troops, airmen, and sailors, but is predominantly a ceremonial role in which the viceroy will visit Canadian Forces bases across Canada and abroad to take part in military ceremonies, see troops off to and return from active duty, and encourage excellence and morale amongst the forces. "[63] The office itself does not, however, independently possess any powers of the Royal Prerogative, only exercising the Crown's powers with its permission; a fact the Constitution Act, 1867 left unchanged. Adrienne Clarkson, gouverneur de 1999 à 2005, était auparavant auteure et journaliste de télévision ; elle fut la première gouverneure générale dans l’histoire canadienne à ne pas avoir de passé politique ou militaire. Gouverneur général du Canada de 1904 à 1911 — Solutions pour Mots fléchés et mots croisés. This is the fourth such incarnation of the governor general's mark since confederation.[107]. This ceremonial position is directly under that of Colonel-in-Chief, which is held by the Queen. Ce dernier rôle devait plutôt maintenant appartenir aux hauts-commissaires, équivalents des ambassadeurs. Seit 1991 lebt sie in Montreal. [40][41][42][43] In 2012, the committee was made permanent and renamed as the Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments, with a modified membership and its scope broadened to include the appointment of provincial lieutenant governors and territorial commissioners (though the latter are not personal representatives of the monarch). [79][150][158][159][160] As David Smith described it: "Notwithstanding the personal qualities of the appointees, which have often been extraordinary, the Canadian governor general has become a hermetic head of state—ignored by press, politicians and public. [85] The Chancellery of Honours centres around the Queen and is thus also located at Rideau Hall and administered by the governor general. Même si le dominion du Canada était maintenant reconnu comme indépendant et l’égal du Royaume-Uni, les responsabilités de gouverneur général ont traditionnellement continué à être confiées à des Britanniques, et non à des Canadiens. Le drapeau du gouverneur général a préséance sur tous les autres drapeaux et étendards, sauf sur l'étendard personnel de la reine au Canada. You must have the patience of a saint, the smile of a cherub, the generosity of an Indian prince, and the back of a camel",[58] and the Earl of Dufferin stated that the governor general is "A representative of all that is august, stable, and sedate in the government, the history, and the traditions of the country; incapable of partizanship, and lifted far above the atmosphere of faction; without adherents to reward or opponents to oust from office; docile to the suggestions of his Ministers, and yet securing to the people the certainty of being able to get rid of an Administration or Parliament the moment either had forfeited their confidence. Similarly, the viceroy administers and distributes the Governor General's Awards, and will also give out awards associated with private organizations, some of which are named for past governors general. The viceregal household aids the governor general in the execution of the royal constitutional and ceremonial duties and is managed by the Office of the Secretary to the Governor General. Of the 21 men brought to trial, 10 were condemned, six were acquitted, three received an admonition and two were dismissed for want of evidence.