acropole, athènes plan

However, after the victorious Battle of Marathon in 490 BC, the plan was revised and marble was used instead. [28] Other monuments that have left almost nothing visible to the present day are the Chalkotheke, the Pandroseion, Pandion's sanctuary, Athena's altar, Zeus Polieus's sanctuary and, from Roman times, the circular temple of Augustus and Rome. The limestone phase of the building is referred to as Pre-Parthenon I and the marble phase as Pre-Parthenon II. Sites et monuments de l’Antiquité en Attique, Préhistoire et protohistoire : habitat et forteresse, Époque archaïque : glissement de la forteresse au sanctuaire. The Acropolis limestone was thrust over the Athens schist by compressional tectonic forces (Plate tectonics), forming a nappe or overthrust sheet. The devastated site was cleared of debris. Généralités. Various measures have been implemented to protect the site including retaining walls, drainage systems and rock bolts. [21] These colonnades were almost finished during 432 BC and had two wings, the northern one decorated with paintings by Polygnotus. En cliquant sur chaque icône, vous pourrez voir de quel lieu il s'agit. [7] The wall uses typical Mycenaean conventions in that it followed the natural contour of the terrain and its gate, which was towards the south, was arranged obliquely, with a parapet and tower overhanging the incomers' right-hand side, thus facilitating defense. Statuary, cult objects, religious offerings and unsalvageable architectural members were buried ceremoniously in several deeply dug pits on the hill, serving conveniently as a fill for the artificial plateau created around the classic Parthenon. Voir les informations du plan : en cliquant sur les marqueurs de couleur. Musée des instruments de musique populaire. L'Acropole d'Athènes et ses monuments sont le symbole universel de l'esprit et de la civilisation classiques, et forment le plus extraordinaire ensemble architectural et artistique légué par la Grèce antique au reste du monde. There were two lesser approaches up the hill on its north side, consisting of steep, narrow flights of steps cut in the rock. During the 7th and the 6th centuries BC, the site was controlled by Kylon during the failed Kylonian revolt,[10] and twice by Peisistratos; each of these were attempts directed at seizing political power by coups d'état. Where the Athens schist and the limestone meet there are springs and karstic caves. A few hundred metres away, there is the now partially reconstructed Odeon of Herodes Atticus. During subsequent years, the Acropolis was a site of bustling human activity with many Byzantine, Frankish, and Ottoman structures. Seule l'eau vive provenant d'une source est acceptable dans le cadre religieux. The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance, the most famous being the Parthenon. In order to accommodate the new temple, the south part of the summit was cleared, made level by adding some 8,000 two-ton blocks of limestone, a foundation 11 m (36 ft) deep at some points, and the rest was filled with soil kept in place by the retaining wall. [22] About the same time, south of the Propylaea, building started on the small Ionic Temple of Athena Nike in Pentelic marble with tetrastyle porches, preserving the essentials of Greek temple design. A total of 530 cubic meters of new Pentelic marble were used. After independence, most features that dated from the Byzantine, Frankish and Ottoman periods were cleared from the site in an attempt to restore the monument to its original form, "cleansed" of all later additions. [5] Soon after the palace was constructed, a Cyclopean massive circuit wall was built, 760 meters long, up to 10 meters high, and ranging from 3.5 to 6 meters thick. [30], During the Byzantine period, the Parthenon was used as a church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Pausanias does not mention it in his 2nd century AD Description of Greece. [36] During the Latin Duchy of Athens, the Acropolis functioned as the city's administrative center, with the Parthenon as its cathedral, and the Propylaea as part of the Ducal Palace. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 16 novembre 2020 à 07:07. During the festival, a procession (believed to be depicted on the Parthenon frieze) traveled through the city via the Panathenaic Way and culminated on the Acropolis. The base was 1.50 m (4 ft 11 in) high, while the total height of the statue was 9 m (30 ft). Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Nicholas Reeves and Dyfri Williams, "The Parthenon in Ruins", "The springs and fountains of the Acropolis hill", Fani Mallouchou-Tufano, "The Restoration of the Athenian Acropolis", "2010–2011, The progress of restoration on the Acropolis", "Acropolis Restoration Project-Lecture by Maria Ioannidou, Director, Acropolis Restoration Service", The Acropolis Museum and the Goddess Athena, UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Acropolis, Athens, Tour of Acropolis of Athens, Site of the Parthenon-About.com, Timelapse video of Acropolis during Earth Hour 2010, Athens, Greece: Ancient Acropolis and Agora, Three dimensional reconstruction of ancient Acropolis, Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies, Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki, Remains of the Acharnian Road, Acharnian Gate and Cemetery Site, House of Saint Philothei/Benizelos-Palaiologos mansion, Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite, Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acropolis_of_Athens&oldid=989199869, Buildings and structures completed in the 5th century BC, Articles with Greek-language sources (el), Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Cohen, Beth. Homer is assumed to refer to this fortification when he mentions the "strong-built House of Erechtheus" (Odyssey 7.81). [11] Nevertheless, it seems that a nine-gate wall, the Enneapylon,[12] had been built around the acropolis hill and incorporating the biggest water spring, the Clepsydra, at the northwestern foot. A temple to Athena Polias, the tutelary deity of the city, was erected between 570–550 BC. The word acropolis is from the Greek words ἄκρον (akron, "highest point, extremity") and πόλις (polis, "city"). [15], Around 500 BC the Hekatompedon was dismantled to make place for a new grander building, the "Older Parthenon" (often referred to as the Pre-Parthenon, "early Parthenon"). Whether this temple replaced an older one, or just a sacred precinct or altar, is not known. All restoration was made using titanium dowels and is designed to be completely reversible, in case future experts decide to change things. Site archéologique de Philippes (2016). The eastern part of the temple was dedicated to Athena Polias, while the western part, serving the cult of the archaic king Poseidon-Erechtheus, housed the altars of Hephaestus and Voutos, brother of Erechtheus. There is little doubt that a Mycenaean megaron palace stood upon the hill during the late Bronze Age. [20], During 437 BC, Mnesicles started building the Propylaea, a monumental gate at the western end of the Acropolis with Doric columns of Pentelic marble, built partly upon the old propylaea of Peisistratos. The project included collection and identification of all stone fragments, even small ones, from the Acropolis and its slopes and the attempt was made to restore as much as possible using reassembled original material (anastylosis), with new marble from Mount Pentelicus used sparingly. This wall would serve as the main defense for the acropolis until the 5th century. This fissure extended some 35 meters to a bed of soft marl in which a well was dug. A new bulwark named after Odysseas Androutsos was built by the Greeks between 1822 and 1825 to protect the recently rediscovered Klepsydra spring which became the sole fresh water supply of the fortress. [46], Every four years, the Athenians had a festival called the Great Panathenaea that rivaled the Olympic Games in popularity. These measures work to counter the natural processes that threaten the historic site. This instability can cause rock slides that cause damage to the historic site. De cette manière, vous pourrez savoir quel lieu représente chaque icône. [13], Between 529–520 BC yet another temple was built by the Peisistratids, the Old Temple of Athena, usually referred to as the Arkhaios Neōs (ἀρχαῖος νεώς, "ancient temple"). After an interruption caused by the Peloponnesian War, the temple was finished during the time of Nicias' peace, between 421 BC and 409 BC. [45], A total of 2,675 tons of architectural members were restored, with 686 stones reassembled from fragments of the originals, 905 patched with new marble, and 186 parts made entirely of new marble. The limestone that The Acropolis is built upon is unstable because of the erosion and tectonic shifts that the region is prone to. [30] Monuments to foreign kings were erected, notably those of the Attalid kings of Pergamon Attalos II (in front of the NW corner of the Parthenon), and Eumenes II, in front of the Propylaia. The Older Parthenon was still under construction when the Persians invaded and sacked the city in 480 BC. During ancient times it was known also more properly as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the supposed first Athenian king. [27], Behind the Propylaea, Phidias' gigantic bronze statue of Athena Promachos ("Athena who fights in the front line"), built between 450 BC and 448 BC, dominated. [42], All the valuable ancient artifacts are situated in the Acropolis Museum, which resides on the southern slope of the same rock, 280 metres from the Parthenon. Not much is known about the architectural appearance of the Acropolis until the Archaic era. [44], The Parthenon colonnades, largely destroyed by Venetian bombardment during the 17th century, were restored, with many wrongly assembled columns now properly placed. While there is evidence that the hill was inhabited as far back as the fourth millennium BC, it was Pericles (c. 495–429 BC) in the fifth century BC who coordinated the construction of the site's most important present remains including the Parthenon, the Propylaea, the Erechtheion and the Temple of Athena Nike. At the centre of the Acropolis is the Parthenon or Temple of Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin). The Acropolis limestone dates from the upper Jurassic period, predating the underlying Athens schist by about 30 million years. Sur notre plan de Athènes vous pourrez voir la localisation des monuments, musées, places, églises et points d'intérêt de la ville. The goddess held a lance, the gilt tip of which could be seen as a reflection by crews on ships rounding Cape Sounion, and a giant shield on the left side, decorated by Mys with images of the fight between the Centaurs and the Lapiths. [31] Eumenes was also responsible for constructing a stoa on the South slope, not unlike that of Attalos in the Agora below. The Athens schist is a soft reddish rock dating from the upper Cretaceous period. [26] Between the temple of Athena Nike and the Parthenon, there was the Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia (or the Brauroneion), the goddess represented as a bear and worshipped in the deme of Brauron. [34] During 161 AD, on the South slope, the Roman Herodes Atticus built his grand amphitheatre or Odeon. For this reason, Athenians decided to stop the construction of the Olympieion temple which was connoted with the tyrant Peisistratos and his sons and, instead, used the Piraeus limestone destined for the Olympieion to build the Older Parthenon. [17][18] After the Persian crisis had subsided, the Athenians incorporated many architectural parts of the unfinished temple (unfluted column drums, triglyphs, metopes, etc.) The buildings of the Acropolis suffered significant damage during the 1687 siege by the Venetians in the Morean War. Ancient citadel above the city of Athens, Greece, The Acropolis of Athens, seen from the Hill of the Muses, Articles and topics related to Acropolis of Athens. Apart from the Hekatompedon mentioned later, Peisistratos also built an entry gate or propylaea. [23], Construction of the elegant temple of Erechtheion in Pentelic marble (421–406 BC) was in accordance with a complex plan which took account of the extremely uneven ground and the need to circumvent several shrines in the area. The Parthenon, which was being used as a gunpowder magazine, was hit by artillery shot and damaged severely.[40]. [41], The entrance to the Acropolis was a monumental gateway termed the Propylaea. The building was burned and looted, along with the Ancient Temple and practically everything else on the rock. Zoomer : En double-cliquant avec le bouton gauche de la souris sur le plan ou en utilisant la roulette de la souris du bas vers le haut. [32], During the Julio-Claudian period, the Temple of Rome and Augustus, a small, round edifice, about 23 meters from the Parthenon, was to be the last significant ancient construction on the summit of the rock. Most of the major temples, including the Parthenon, were rebuilt by order of Pericles during the so-called Golden Age of Athens (460–430 BC). Dans la seconde moitié du Ve siècle avant JC, Athènes… Erosion of the limestone nappe led to the eventual detachment of the Acropolis, forming the present day feature. The entrance, facing east, is lined with six Ionic columns. (n.d.). Arkhaios Neōs was destroyed as part of the Achaemenid destruction of Athens during the Second Persian invasion of Greece during 480–479 BC; however, the temple was probably reconstructed during 454 BC, since the treasury of the Delian League was transferred in its opisthodomos. The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance, the most famous being the Parthenon. According to Pausanias, a wooden statue or xoanon of the goddess and a statue of Artemis made by Praxiteles during the 4th century BC were both in the sanctuary. L'acropole d'Athènes est située sur un plateau rocheux en calcaire d'environ 156 mètres de haut [1], dont le sommet plat mesure autour de 270 mètres d'est en ouest et, dans son état naturel 85 … It was destroyed by the invading Herulians a century later but was reconstructed during the 1950s. Within the later tradition of Western Civilization and classical revival, the Acropolis, from at least the mid-18th century on, has often been invoked as a key symbol of the Greek legacy and of the glories of Classical Greece. [43], Site plan of the Acropolis at Athens showing the major archaeological remains, The Project began during 1975 and the goal of the restoration was to reverse the decay of centuries of attrition, pollution, destruction stemming from military use, and misguided past restorations. [37] A large tower was added, the "Frankopyrgos", demolished during the 19th century. In 485 BC, construction stalled to save resources as Xerxes became king of Persia and war seemed imminent. [44] Restoration of the Temple of Athena Nike was completed in 2010. (, forces perses s'introduisirent dans la forteresse, L'Acropole sur le site du ministère de la Culture grec, Trésor de la langue française informatisé, Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales, Monuments paléochrétiens et byzantins de Thessalonique, monastère de Saint Jean « le théologien », Centre culturel de la fondation Stávros-Niárchos, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acropole_d%27Athènes&oldid=176644787, Page avec coordonnées similaires sur Wikidata, Page utilisant un modèle avec un paramètre obsolète, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Portail:Sciences humaines et sociales/Articles liés, Portail:Protection du patrimoine/Articles liés, Portail:Loisirs et divertissements/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, Jean Baelen, « L'Acropole pendant la Guerre d'Indépendance. Dans cette section, nous essaierons de répondre aux questions les plus fréquentes avant de partir en voyage pour Athènes. into the newly built northern curtain wall of the Acropolis, where they served as a prominent "war memorial" and can still be seen today. [1] Although the term acropolis is generic and there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as "The Acropolis" without qualification. Unusually, the temple has two porches, one on the northwest corner borne by Ionic columns, the other, to the southwest, supported by huge female figures or Caryatids. While the earliest artifacts date to the Middle Neolithic era, there have been documented habitations in Attica from the Early Neolithic period (6th millennium BC). [29], During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, many of the existing buildings in the area of the Acropolis were repaired, due to damage from age, and occasionally, war. The original sediments were deposited in a river delta approximately 72 million years ago. Pour vous aider à vous orienter une fois dans la ville, en imprimant le plan vous remarquerez que les numéros des icônes sur le plan coïncident avec les numéros de la liste des points d'intérêt. [38], After the Ottoman conquest of Greece, the Parthenon was used as the garrison headquarters of the Turkish army,[39] and the Erechtheum was turned into the governor's private harem. The roof and floor of the Propylaea were partly restored, with sections of the roof made of new marble and decorated with blue and gold inserts, as in the original. Phidias, an Athenian sculptor, and Ictinus and Callicrates, two famous architects, were responsible for the reconstruction. The Acropolis is located on a flattish-topped rock that rises 150 m (490 ft) above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares (7.4 acres). [24][25], During the same period, a combination of sacred precincts including the temples of Athena Polias, Poseidon, Erechtheus, Cecrops, Herse, Pandrosos and Aglauros, with its Kore Porch (Porch of the Maidens) or Caryatids' balcony was begun. There, a new robe of woven wool (peplos) was placed on either the statue of Athena Polias in the Erechtheum (during the annual Lesser Panathenaea) or on the statue of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon (during the Great Panathenaea, held every four years).[47]. The word acropolis is from the Greek words ἄκρον (akron, "highest point, extremity") and πόλις (polis, "city"). This "Persian debris" was the richest archaeological deposit excavated on the Acropolis by 1890. Dézoomer : En double-cliquant avec le bouton droit de la souris sur le plan ou en utilisant la roulette de la souris du haut vers le bas. In Greek, Acropolis means "Highest City". The Acropolis was besieged thrice during the Greek War of Independence (two sieges from the Greeks in 1821–1822 and one from the Ottomans in 1826–1827. This temple of Athena Polias was built upon the Dörpfeld foundations,[14] between the Erechtheion and the still-standing Parthenon. A combination of cutting-edge modern technology and extensive research and reinvention of ancient techniques were used. [16] Localisation de Acropole d'Athènes sur le plan de Athènes, découvrez son emplacement et les points d'intérêt à proximité sur notre plan interactif. [8] An elaborate set of stairs was built and the well served as an invaluable, protected source of drinking water during times of siege for some portion of the Mycenaean period.[9]. ", This page was last edited on 17 November 2020, at 16:48. Se déplacer sur le plan : en faisant glisser la souris. [19], After winning at Eurymedon during 468 BC, Cimon and Themistocles ordered the reconstruction of the southern and northern walls of the Acropolis. Nothing of this megaron survives except, probably, a single limestone column-base and pieces of several sandstone steps. (2010). [2][3] The Parthenon and the other buildings were seriously damaged during the 1687 siege by the Venetians during the Morean War when gunpowder being stored in the Parthenon by the Ottomans was hit by a cannonball and exploded.[4]. The dominant feature during the Ottoman period was a mosque inside the Parthenon, complete with a minaret. These include the hills of Lykabettos, Areopagus, and Mouseion. Many of the hills in the Athens region were formed by the erosion of the same nappe as the Acropolis. Probably, the Hekatompedon was built where the Parthenon now stands. These were rededicated during the early Roman Empire to Augustus or Claudius (uncertain), and Agrippa, respectively. The Acropolis is a klippe consisting of two lithostratigraphic units, the Athens schist and the overlying Acropolis limestone. At some time before the 13th century BC, an earthquake caused a fissure near the northeastern edge of the Acropolis. Although the term acropolis is generic and there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as "T… The marble utilized to construct the buildings of the Acropolis was sourced from the quarries of Mount Pentelicus, a mountain to the northeast of the city. [33] Around the same time, on the North slope, in a cave next to the one dedicated to Pan since the classical period, a sanctuary was founded where the archons dedicated to Apollo on assuming office. East of the entrance and north of the Parthenon is the temple known as the Erechtheum. This Doric limestone building, from which many relics survive, is referred to as the Hekatompedon (Greek for "hundred–footed"), Ur-Parthenon (German for "original Parthenon" or "primitive Parthenon"), H–Architecture or Bluebeard temple, after the pedimental three-bodied man-serpent sculpture, whose beards were painted dark blue. Si vous disposez de peu de temps dans la ville et que vous souhaitez connaître l'incontournable de la capitale grecque, découvrez notre itinéraire pour visiter Athènes en un week-end. [35], During the 3rd century, under threat from a Herulian invasion, repairs were made to the Acropolis walls, and the "Beulé Gate" was constructed to restrict entrance in front of the Propylaia, thus returning the Acropolis to use as a fortress. To the south of the entrance is the tiny Temple of Athena Nike. I. Les Deux sièges », dans. The temple may have been burnt down during 406/405 BC as Xenophon mentions that the old temple of Athena was set afire. Pausanias lui donne une origine miraculeuse. Acropole d'Athènes. acro-. South of the platform that forms the top of the Acropolis there are also the remains of the ancient, though often remodelled, Theatre of Dionysus. "Deconstructing the Acropolis: The Acropolis Museum, Athens, opened 20 June 2009 by Bernard Tschumi Architects. [6] The wall consisted of two parapets built with large stone blocks and cemented with an earth mortar called emplekton (Greek: ἔμπλεκτον). Little is known about the original plan of the interior which was destroyed by fire during the first century BC and has been rebuilt several times.